M.C. Williams, I. Rouzina, and R.L. Karpel, Thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA-protein interactions from single molecule force spectroscopy measurements, Current Organic Chemistry, 10, 419-432 (2006).

I. Rouzina, K. Pant, R.L. Karpel, and M. C. Williams, Theory of electrostatically-regulated binding of T4 gene 32 protein to single- and double-stranded DNA, Biophys. J., 89, 1941-1956 (2005).

K. Pant, R.L. Karpel, I. Rouzina, and M. C. Williams, Salt dependent binding of T4 gene 32 protein to single- and double-stranded DNA: Single molecule force spectroscopy measurements, J. Mol. Biol., 349, 317-330 (2005).

M C. Williams, K. Pant, I. Rouzina, and R. L. Karpel. Single molecule force spectroscopy studies of DNA denaturation by T4 gene 32 protein, Spectroscopy, An International Journal, 18, 203-210 (2004).

K. Pant, R.L. Karpel, I. Rouzina, and M.C. Williams, Mechanical measurement of single molecule binding rates: Kinetics of DNA helix-destabilization by T4 gene 32 protein, J. Mol. Biol., 336, 851-870 (2004).

K. Pant, R.L. Karpel, and M.C. Williams, Kinetic Regulation of single DNA molecule denaturation by T4 gene 32 protein structural domains, J. Mol. Biol., 327, 571-578 (2003).

R.L. Karpel, LAST Motifs and SMART Domains in Gene 32 Protein: An Unfolding Story of Autoregulation?, IUBMB Life, 53, 161-166 (2002).

M.A. Urbaneja, M. Wu, J.R. Casas-Finet and R.L. Karpel, HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein as a Nucleic Acid Chaperone: Spectroscopic Study of its Helix-Destabilizing Properties, Structural Binding Specificity, and Annealing Activity, J. Mol. Biol., 318, 749-764 (2002). 

R.L. Karpel, Prokaryotic DNA Binding Proteins, Article 1042 in Encyclopedia for Life Sciences, vol. 15, pp. 231-238, Macmillan, 2002.

L.A. Waidner, E.K. Flynn, M. Wu, X. Li, and R.L. Karpel, Domain Effects on the DNA-Interactive Properties of Bacteriophage T4 Gene 32 Protein, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 2509-2516 (2001).

M. Wu, E.K. Flynn and R.L. Karpel , Details of the Nucleic Acid Binding Site of T4 Gene 32 Protein Revealed by Proteolysis and DNA T_m Depression Methods, J.Mol.Biol. 286, 1107-1121 (1999).

J. Zaia, D. Fabris, D. Wei, R.L. Karpel and C. Fenselau, Monitoring metal ion flux in reactions of metallothionein and drug-modified metallothionein by electrospray mass spectrometry, Protein Science, 7, 2398-2404 (1998).

D. Herschlag, M. Khosla, Z. Tsuchihashi and R.L. Karpel, An RNA chaperone activity of nonspecific RNA binding proteins in hammerhead ribozyme catalysis, EMBO J., 13, 2913-2924 (1994).

M.D. Delahunty, S.H. Wilson and R.L. Karpel, Studies on primer binding of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase using a fluorescent probe, J. Mol. Biol. 236, 469-479 (1994).

J.R. Casas-Finet and R.L. Karpel, Bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein: Modulation of protein-nucleic acid and protein_protein association by structural domains, Biochemistry, 32, 9735-9744 (1993).

J.R. Casas-Finet, J.D. Smith, Jr., A. Kumar, J.G. Kim, S.H. Wilson and R.L. Karpel, Mammalian hnRNP A1 and its Constant Domains: Self-Association, Structural Stability, and Binding Cooperativity and Specificity, J. Mol. Biol., 229, 873-889 (1993).

J.R. Casas-Finet, A. Kumar, R.L. Karpel and S.H. Wilson, Mammalian DNA Polymerase-β. Characterization of a 16-K Da Transdomain Fragment Containing the Nucleic Acid Binding Activities of the Native Enzyme, Biochemistry 31, 10272-10280 (1992).

J.R. Casas-Finet, S.H. Wilson and R.L. Karpel, Selective Photochemical Modification by Trichloroethanol of Tryptophan Residues in Proteins with a High Tyrosine-to-Tryptophan Ratio, Analytical Biochemistry, 205, 27-35 (1992).

M.D. Delahunty, T.L. South, M.F. Summers and R.L. Karpel, Nucleic Acid Interactive Properties of a Peptide Corresponding to the N-terminal Zinc Finger Domain of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein, Biochemistry, 31, 6461-6469 (1992).

J.R. Casas-Finet, K.R. Fischer, and R.L. Karpel, Structural Basis for the Nucleic Acid Binding Cooperativity of Bacteriophage T4 Gene 32 Protein: The (Lys/Arg)₃(Ser/Thr)₂ (LAST) Motif, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 1050-1054 (1992).

J.R. Casas-Finet, R.L. Karpel, A.H. Maki, A. Kumar and S.H. Wilson, Physical Studies of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Residues in Mammalian A1 Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein: Evidence for a Segmented Structure, J. Mol. Biol., 221, 693-709 (1991).

A. Kumar, J.R. Casas-Finet, C.J. Luneau, R.L. Karpel, B. Merrill, K.R. Williams and S.H. Wilson, Mammalian Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1: Nucleic Acid Binding Properties of the COOH-Terminal Domain, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17094-17100 (1990).