Department of History
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Citation Style Sheet

• INTRODUCTION

• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES

• SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR BOOKS

• SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR ORAL HISTORIES

• SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES  FOR PRINT ARTICLES

• SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR ELECTRONIC SOURCES

• SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR ESSAYS IN AN EDITED COLLECTION

• SAMPLE SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS

• SAMPLE ENTRIES FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY

• "PLAGIARISM: WHAT IT IS AND HOW TO RECOGNIZE IT" (University of Indiana Guide)

Students may also find it helpful to read "A Guide to Writing Book Reviews."

INTRODUCTION

When writing papers based upon the work of others, students (and indeed all scholars) must give credit by providing bibliographic references. These references may take the form of footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography (list of works cited), depending upon your professor's instructions.

To avoid charges of plagiarism, you must footnote any direct quotation, any paraphrase, and any idea, interpretation, or analytical point from a primary or secondary source. Also footnote any information that is not "common knowledge."

According to Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, c1937) p.118, footnotes and endnotes have four main uses:

a) to cite the authority for statements in text--specific facts or opinions as well as exact quotations
b) to make cross-references
c) to make incidental comments on, to amplify, or to qualify a textual discussion--in short, to provide a place for material the writer deems worthwhile to include but that might interrupt the flow of thought if introduced into the text
d) to make acknowledgement.

Footnotes/Endnotes may contain one or more references in each citation..

These guidelines are adapted from Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, c1937). They follow Chicago Manual of Style guidelines. Historians generally do not use social science style citations (APA).

Footnote/Endnote references are identified by superscript numbers following the end of a sentence.¹
(Note: the footnote/endnote reference follows the sentence's final punctuation.)

For additional guidance see:

Georgetown University Library Citation Guide: http://www.library.georgetown.edu/guides/turabianfoot/

University of California, Berkeley Library Citation Guide: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Chicago-Turabianstyle.pdf

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES

Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page, on the same page as the referenced superscript number. Endnotes appear as a collection at the end of the narrative text. Endnotes are organized in numerical order from lowest to highest. Footnotes and endnotes follow the same citation format within each reference, the only difference is only their placement in the written work.

SAMPLE FOOTNOTE AND ENDNOTE CITATIONS

FIRST-TIME CITATIONS. The first time a work is mentioned in a note, the entry should be in complete form. That is, the footnote or endnote should include the author's full name, title of the work, the facts of publication, and the specific location of the reference (i.e., the volume, if any, and page number or numbers).

The first full reference to a BOOK should include the following information, in the order and with the punctuation indicated below:

Name of author(s), followed by a comma

Title and, if any, subtitle (taken from the title page), underlined

Number or name of the edition, if other than the first edition, preceded by a comma

Facts of publication, consisting of:

place of publication, followed by colon;

name of publishing agency, followed by comma;

and date of publication, all in parentheses, followed by comma

Specific page number(s), followed by period.

 

SAMPLE FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE FOR BOOKS:

¹Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York: Dell Publishing, 1968), 32.

²Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture. (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1929), 57.

          ³William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 147-49.

         ¹John Smith, interview conducted by the author, September 15, 1992, VHS recording, Baltimore, Maryland, tape in author's possession.

         ²“Richard Waskins, An Oral History,” Michigan History Magazine, 66(January-February, 1982),  http://www.michigan.gov/hal/0.1607.7-160-17451_18670_18793-535-,00.html, accessed November 10, 2006.

        ³Benjamin Spock, interviewed by Milton J.E. Stenn, November 20, 1974. Interview 67A transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md.

SAMPLE FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE FOR PRINT ARTICLES:

The first full reference to an article in a JOURNAL or PERIODICAL includes the following information in the order and with the punctuation indicated below:

Name of author(s), followed by a comma

Title of article followed by a comma, enclosed in quotation marks

Name of journal or periodical, underlined

Volume number or issue

Publication date in parentheses, followed by a colon

Specific page number(s), followed by a period
 

¹Akira Iriye, "The Internationalization of History," American Historical Review 94 (February 1989): 8.

 

SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR ELECTRONIC SOURCES

In general the same rules for citing print sources apply to Internet based materials. Ideally each citation includes: author, title, publisher, and date of publication. References to Internet citations should also include the webpage URL address and the date accessed since web sources can change.

For example:

            ¹Jeanette Keith, "The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance, 1917-1918: Class, Race, and Conscription in the Rural South," The Journal of American History (March 2001)          http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/87.4/keith.html, accessed April 22, 2002.

For an online database or other digital database source it is most appropriate to use the Latin reference: s.v. (sub verbo meaning "under the word"). Using the reference s.v. points the reader to the keyword used for the database search. For example, if you were citing the online citation for Internet sources available through H-Net, Humanities and Social Sciences Online, the footnote would be:

             ²Melvin Page, "Internet Citation Guide, H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences online, http://www.h-net.msu.org, s.v. "citation guide", accessed September 6, 2007.

For more information see:
Guide for Citing Internet Sources
Library of Congress Guide

SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR ESSAYS IN AN EDITED COLLECTION

 

¹J. H. Elliott, "The Spanish Conquest," in ed. Leslie Bethell, Colonial Spanish America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 14-23.

SAMPLE FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES FOR NEWSPAPERS AND POPULAR MAGAZINES

Article in a magazine or newspaper (not a refereed scholarly journal) if the author's name is known:

        ¹Lawrence P. Smith, "Sailing Close to the Wind," Time Magazine, October 20, 1995, 42.

 Article in a magazine or newspaper if the author is not known:

        ²"Walking Across America," New York Times, 1998, sec.A, 10.

⁴Iriye, "Internationalization," 3-4.

If a subsequent reference directly follows another reference to the same source, the Latin abbreviation Ibid. (a shortened form of ibidem, which means "in the same place") may be used. For example, subsequent references to a book by Holborn after a full citation placed earlier in an essay can be given as:

⁵Holborn, Ulrich von Hutten, 28-30.

 

⁶Ibid., 58.

A Bibliography lists the sources that influenced a written work. A bibliography includes all sources cited in an essay's footnotes/endnotes, but may also include other works used by the author. Note that the format for bibliographic citations is different from that used for footnotes/endnotes.

If you use only secondary sources, make one alphabetical list including all books, articles, and essays used in writing the paper. If you use both primary and secondary sources, list primary sources first, followed by a second list including all secondary sources. Both lists should be arranged alphabetically. For an extensive bibliography, subheadings such as books, articles, newspaper and magazine articles, government documents, dissertations and masters theses, Internet sources, manuscript collections, etc. are useful.

SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Subheadings are useful in long bibliographies, but the format for each entry follows the same standard whether subheadings are used or not.

                                                  Bibliography

Carr, Lois Green, Russell R. Menard, and Lorena S. Walsh. Robert Cole's World:

Agriculture and Society in Early Maryland. Chapel Hill: University of North

Carolina Press, 1991.
 

Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II. 2d ed.

New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
 

Elliott, J. H. "The Spanish Conquest." In Leslie Bethell, ed. Colonial Latin America,

1-58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
 

Holborn, Hajo. Ulrich von Hutten and the German Reformation. Translated by

Roland H. Bainton. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937; reprint, New York:

Harper & Row, Publishers, 1966.
 

Iriye, Akira. "The Internationalization of History." American Historical Review 94(February 1989): 1-10.

Keith, Jeanette. "The Politics of Southern Draft Resistance, 1917-1918: Class, Race, and Conscription in the Rural
           South." The Journal of American History (March 2001). http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/87.4/keith.html
           accessed April 22, 2002.

Smith, John. Interview by author, September 15, 1992. VHS recording, Baltimore,

Maryland.