Maryland: A Middle Ground?

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Introduction

Author: Susan D. Apple, Glenwood Middle School, Howard County Public School System

Grade Level: Middle

Duration: 2 or 3 ninety-minute class periods

Overview:

Located at 39 degrees N, 76 degrees W, Maryland is a Border State. Positioned south of the Mason-Dixon Line, Maryland is the northernmost state in the South and the southernmost state in the North. As such, "The Old Line State" has long had an identity crisis. In the early- to mid-1800s, Maryland's geographic and topographic diversity resulted in a state whose regions were very different economically, socially, and politically. The state could have been described as caught between two regions at the time: one urban, industrial, and based on free labor, and the other rural, agrarian, and dependent on enslaved labor. Consequently, depending on the selected criteria, Maryland can be labeled both North and South. Yet, when viewed as a complete entity, Maryland is best described as a "middle ground."

By examining maps, lithographs, photographs, letters, paintings and other types of sources, students will apply the concept of regions by placing Maryland in the North, the South, or the "middle ground," while providing justification for their choice. In doing so, students will demonstrate the ability to evaluate factors that contributed to the growing sectionalism that ultimately resulted in the Civil War.

Related National History Standards

National History Standards

    Content Standard: Era 4: Expansion and Reform (1801-1861)
    Standard 2: How the industrial revolution, increasing immigration, the rapid expansion of slavery, and the westward movement changed the lives of Americans and led toward regional tension.

    Historical Thinking Standards:

    Standard 2: Historical Comprehension
    A. Identify the author or source of the historical document or narrative and assess its credibility.
    B. Reconstruct the literal meaning of a historical passage.
    G. Draw upon data in historical maps.
    H. Utilize visual, mathematical, and quantitative data.

    Standard 3: Historical Analysis and Interpretation
    C. Consider multiplre perspectives.

Maryland Curriculum Standards

    Standard 1.0: Political Science
      A. The Foundations and Functions of Government
        2. Analyze the impact of historical documents and practices that became the foundations of the American political system during the early national period.
          g. Evaluate the significance of the Civil War Amendments and how they protect individual rights.
    Standard 2.0: Peoples of the National World
      C. Conflict and Compromise
        1. Analyze the factors that affected relationships in the United States prior to 1877.
          b. Describe how cultural, economic, and political differences contributed to sectionalism.
    Standard 3.0: Geography
      B. Geographic Characteristics of Places and Regions
        1. Analyze how geographic characteristics influence the location and development of regions in the United States prior to 1877.
    Standard 6.0: Social studies Skills and Processes
      A. Read to Learn and Construct Meaning about Social Studies
        2. Use Strategies to prepare for reading.
        3. Use strategies to monitor understanding and derive meaning from text and portions of text.
        4. Use strategies to demonstrate understanding of the text.
      B. Write to Learn and Communicate Social Studies Understandings
        3. Use formal writing, such as multi-paragraph essays, historical investigations, editorials, and letters to persuade.
      E. Organize Social Studies Information
        2. Organize information from print sources.
      F. Analyze Social Studies Information
        1. Interpret information from primary and secondary sources.
        2. Evaluate information from a variety of sources.

Objectives

Using Maryland as a case study, the purpose of this History Lab is to evaluate factors that contributed to the growing sectionalism in the early to mid 19th century that ultimately lead to the Civil War.

  • Students will begin by creating a list of adjectives describing either the North or South.
  • Next, the students will read a background essay to get a general sense of the context and preview the historical question, "Is Maryland more northern, more southern, or should be called a middle ground?"
  • Then, each student will read and analyze a series of documents and either complete a graphic organizer or answer guided questions.
  • The class will then discuss the documents and students will refine his/her definition of a region, the concept of sectionalism, and where Maryland should be placed.
  • The class will review the historical question and discuss the prewriting organizer and scoring rubric.
  • The final step in this research-based investigation is to write a well constructed five-paragraph essay based on the documents.

History Lab Objectives

  • Students will define and apply the term, region.
  • Students will analyze primary and secondary sources to determine if Maryland is in the North, the South, or a "middle ground" and be able to justify their choice.
  • Students will write a well-constructed essay arguing Maryland's regional placement during the early to mid 19th century.

Topic Background

Is Maryland more northern, more southern, or should it be called a middle ground?

Located at 39 degrees N, 76 degrees W, Maryland is a Border State. Positioned south of the Mason-Dixon Line, Maryland is the northernmost state in the South and the southernmost state in the North. (Morse, 1856) As such, "The Old Line State" has an identity crisis. It is caught between two regions: one urban, industrial, and based on free labor and the other rural, agrarian, and dependent on enslaved labor. In the early to mid 1800s Maryland's geographic and topographic diversity resulted in a state whose regions were very different economically, socially, and politically. Consequently, depending on the selected criteria, Maryland can be labeled both North and South. Yet, when viewed as a complete entity, Maryland is best described as a "middle ground."

In many ways, the state had Southern characteristics. Similar to Virginia, early maryland colonists intended to make their fortunes through the cultivation and sale of tobacco. (Brugger, 1990) On the eve of the Civil War, tobacco agriculture still dominated the economies of Southern Maryland and some parts of the Eastern Shore. Intertwined with the tobacco economy was the institution of slavery. Initially, white indentured servants had been used to cultivate the crash crop, but a convergence of economic factors ensuing in the lack of emigration from England around the 1680s led to the decline of indentured servitude and the rise of African slavery on Maryland's tobacco plantations. In addition, many Marylanders were tied to Virginia by family, friendships, and business relationships. (Taylor, 2001) Like the South, in general, Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore also had relatively few towns. Although tobacco was becoming less profitable by the Civil War and the number of enslaved African Americans was marginally decreasing by the commencement of the internal conflict, the plantation culture still defined Southern and Eastern Maryland. (Fields, 1985)

In the more recently settled Northern and Western regions of the state, tendencies were more Northern. Wheat, rather than tobacco was the predominant crop, and because labor needs associated with wheat cultivation are less intensive than those connected with tobacco, the regions had a far fewer slaves than Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore (see figure 1). The populations of these regions were also much more diverse, including growing numbers of free blacks and German and Scotch-Irish immigrants. (Fields, 1985)

Figure 1 - Percentage of White, Free Black, and Slave Populations by Regions in Maryland

Percentage of Total, 1790 Percentage of Total, 1850
White
    Eastern Shore
    Southern MD
    Northern and Western MD

31.2
26.8
42.0

18.6
12.1
69.3
Free Black
    Eastern Shore
    Southern MD
    Northern and Western MD

48.6
26.7
24.7

33.1
14.9
52.0
Slave
    Eastern Shore
    Southern MD
    Northern and Western MD

37.4
47.3
15.3

28.8
52.9
18.3
Babara Jean Fields' Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground, 1985.
Source: Calculated from U.S. 7th Census, 1850, Population (Washington, D.C., 1853) and from the U.S. 9th Census, 1870, Population (Washington, D.C.)

Although Northern and Western Maryland remained overwhelmingly rural, manufacturing enterprises such as gristmills, textile mills, iron and glass works, and breweries flourished, as did towns. Switching from land and labor intensive tobacco to wheat, farmers in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and surrounding areas played a vital role in Baltimore City's growth, the largest urban area in the state. As tobacco profits became unreliable, flour production became a major source of income in the Mid-Atlantic region. Upwards of 50 mills along the roads and waterways leading to Baltimore turned grain into flour by the late 1700s. The flour was exported not only up and down the eastern seaboard, but to Europe, South America, and the Caribbean. Places like the Fairview Inn, located on the Old Frederick Road, catered to farmers bringing their wheat, flour, and produce to the city. (Maryland Historical Society, c. 1827) Between 1815 and 1827 Baltimore merchants shipped more flour to South America than did any other American city. (Rockman, 2009)

One example of industrial growth in Northern Maryland lies in the development of Ellicott's Mills. In 1772, John, Andrew and Joseph Ellicott of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, chose the scenic wilderness upstream from Elk Ridge Landing to establish a flour mill. The Quaker brothers helped revolutionize farming in this area by persuading farmers like Charles Carroll to plant wheat instead of tobacco and by introducting fertilizer to revitalize the depleted soil. It was to Carroll's estate that the Ellicott brothers built the first part of a road that was later to be come the National Road, America's first interstate highway. (Sharp, 2001)

The Ellicotts made significant contributions to the area and the era. They helped create Ellicott's Mills, one of the paramount milling and manufacturing towns in the east at the time. They built roads, bridges and wharf in Baltimore, introduced the wagon brake and plaster as a fertilizer, erected iron works, a furnace, rolling mills, schools, a meeting house, shops and beautiful granite houses. (Sharp, 2001) In 1830 America's first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, completed its initial 13 miles of track along the Patapsco River from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills. The railroad line also ran parallel to the Patapsco from Ellicott's Mills upstream to its headwaters, fostering industrialization and new settlements in an age of expansion to the Ohio River Valley and beyond by rail. (Dilts, 1993)

Baltimore resembled Northern cities in many respects. Between 1790 and 1840 Baltimore was the nation's third-largest city behind New York and Philadelphia. (Maryland Historical Society, 1841; Library of Congress, c. 1862) In the first decades of the 1800s, people of color accounted for more than 20 percent of the population of the city compared to roughly 10 percent of the population in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. By 1818, Baltimore had the largest black population - more than New Orleans, Charlestown, Philadelphia, or New York - in part due to the migration of freed people from the countryside where economic advances was minimal. For instance, in 1829 Governor Ridgely manumitted all of the slaves at the time of his death. Even though all 339 enslaved individuals were not immediately given freedom based on the state laws to protect the young and old, many were freed. (Lancaster, 2000) It is likely that many of the newly freed went to Baltimore since most lacked the capital to purchase land. Remaining in the countryside also meant prolonging the indignities of slavery, such as annual labor contracts to white employers and encounters with roving patrollers. The city, in contract, promised better wages, personal autonomy, the resources of a growing free African American community, while still being close to family members who may still be held in bondage in the countryside. (Rockman, 2009)

Baltimore's freed population exploded between 16790 and 1840. By 1820, African Americans were primarily free, but two of every five people of color in the city remained enslaved. By 1840 close to 18,000 free African Americans lived in the city. This is in stark contrast to the city's adjacent neighbors to the north. Areas like Baltimore County, home to the Ridgely family, had at least twice as many slaves as free people of color. John Ridgely inherited Hampton in 1829 from his father. Even though the Governor manumitted his slaves, John Ridgely hired his sister's slaves and relied on the ex-slaves who were not immediately freed to work the estate. Eventually, he bought approximately seventy-seven slaves who were in bondage until 1864. (Lancaster 2000)

Even though most of the states in the North banned slavery by the late 1700s, Maryland does not end enslavement until 1864 with the revised state constitution. (Maryland State Archives, 1864 Maryland State Constitution) The vote in 1864 was extremely close. The deciding factor was the votes cast by soldiers. All the counties except for two in Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore voted against ratification. Northern Maryland was split three counties each. Baltimore City overwhelmingly voted for ratification. Those counties who moved away from slave labor and towards industry primarily were in favor of the new state constitution. (Maryland State Archives, Vote on the 1864 Maryland State Constitution)

Large portions of the remaining population of Baltimore were immigrants, mostly of Irish and German descent. Some came as indentured servants although this practice of servitude quickly disappeared. Between 1820 and 1826, one-tenth of European arrivals to the United States entered through Baltimore. During the early 1830s, Baltimore attracted more immigrants than Boston, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. (Rockman, 2009) Despite these Northern tendencies, however, some of Baltimore's most powerful residents were members of old, distinguished families like the Howards and viewed Maryland as a Southern state. (Brugger, 1990)

As the sectional crisis intensified in the 1850s, most Marylanders wanted to remain neutral, although some sympathized with the South. The election of 1860 illustrates this point. Southern Democrat John Breckinridge, who supported the extension of slavery into the territories, received 45.9% of the vote in Maryland. John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, which took no position on slavery and supported peace and the Union, received 45.1% but carried all but six counties, albeit by narrow margins. Both candidates were from Border States and were viewed as moderates who wanted to restore peace. Northern candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) received just 9% of the Maryland vote combined. The Baltimore Sun reported “as we cannot offer to the readers of The Sun one word of congratulation on so inauspicious a result, we are disposed to do no more than announce the fact this morning." (Brugger, 1990)

Despite Maryland's sympathy for the South, the state never seceded. Even when Southern sentiment reached its zenith after a secessionist mob attacked Northern troops passing through the city in April 1861, Maryland did not move to secede, although it was much discussed. Division within households was common. The Davis family of Montgomery County supported the North, the South, and the position to stay neutral (see figure 2).

Figure 2
"I am glad that Maryland is still in the Union - it would be utter ruin and devastation for her to attempt to seceed [sic]. The South could not protect her and she would be prey to the northern hordes."
Source: A letter from Allan Bowie Davis to Rebecca [Davis], May 14, 1861, A.B. Davis Papers
"For your benefit I hereby announce myself, henceforth, a straight out "Southern Rights' man... I remained by the Union as long as I could, but when I saw it was the tention of Lincoln & his crew, to convert into a despotism [tyranny], the fairest, & best government ever instituted by mortal man I can no longer support a man whose avowed intention is to subjugate [defeat] the South."
Source: A letter from W. W[ilkins] Davis to [Rebecca D. Davis], May 22, 1861, A.B. Davis Papers

The state followed the path Maryland governor Thomas H. Hicks laid when he wrote to the Honorable S. Cameron, Secretary of War, "I care nothing for the Devilish Nigger difficulty, I desire to save the union, and will cooperate with the Administration in everything tending to that important result that is proper." (Hicks, 1861) After the riot, President Lincoln established de facto martial law in Maryland, suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and occupying the city with Federal troops. This act ended any chance that the state would actually join the Confederacy. (Library of Congress, The Baltimore Riot, 1861; Mitchell, 2007) This did not deter men in joining the Rebel cause. Approximately 16,000 enlisted with the Confederacy while more 46,000 Marylanders served with the Union forces. (Soderberg, 1996) Some women also participated in the conflict by nursing the ill, helped with camp life, or like Rose O'Neal Greenhow or Elizabeth Van Lew, became spies. (Special Collections Library, Duke University, 1864; Harper's Weekly, 1861)

Not surprisingly, the split between Union supporters and Secessionists continued to manifest itself in the decades after the war when public monuments were erected to both sides throughout the state. Presently, Maryland boasts more than 60 Civil War monuments, erected between 1865 and 1996. The monuments are divided almost equally between Confederate and Union, and three of them honor both sides in one monument. Ten of the Union monuments and six of the Confederate monuments were financed all or in part by the state, and three of the Confederate monuments were paid by the national government. Three of the four major sites in Baltimore honor Dixie. (Soderberg, 1996)

Since Maryland is located south of the Mason-Dixon Line and over half of the state relied on tobacco production and slave labor in the early to mid 19th Century, the state should be classified as southern. Given that Baltimore was one of the fastest growing urban and industrial centers in that same period and the surrounding counties supported this development with mostly free labor, the state should be categorized as northern. Yet politically, the state divided with wanting to stay neutral, while being sympathetic to both the North and South. Men and a few women volunteered on each side in the war between the states. Thus, Maryland as "The Old Line State" should embrace both its northern and southern characteristics and resolve to be just "the middle ground."

Teaching Procedures

Day 1

Context Setting/Anticipatory Set (whole group):
    Have students think about adjectives that would describe either the North or the South. Have students pair up and share their answer with his/her partner. Elicit responses from the class and record on the board. Students will refer back to this list later in the lesson.
Framing the Historical Question (whole group):
    Have students read the Student Background Essay (RS# 19) together as a class. The essay addresses the concept of regions and where Maryland should be placed: the North, the South, or the "middle ground." Pre-teach the bold face vocabulary: region, Union, border state, urban, rural, and the concept of a middle ground.
Teacher Modeling of Resource Analysis (whole group):
    Option 1: Give out the graphic organizer (RS# 20) and the document set selected by the teacher (RS#'s 01-13). The set must include the Sample Document (RS# 01) and at least one document from each topic (geographic, economic, political, and social). Read the sample document, "Talk of the Town" aloud as a class. Discuss the article and complete the chart. Although the difficulty level of this option is higher than Option 2 because the students need to fill in the main idea without questions prompting them to answer, the chart will help the students in organizing their thoughts for the final written response.

    Option 2: Give out the Resource Set Questions (RS# 21) and the document set selected by the teacher. The set must include the sample document (RS# 01) and at least one document from each topic (geographic, economic, political, and social). Read the sample document, "Talk of the Town" aloud as a class. Discuss the article and complete the questions.

Note: This activity can be completed using all or some of the documents based on time and the students reading ability. use the following guide to select the documents.

Reading Level:

Advanced readers: Documents H, J, K, L
Proficient readers: Documents A, B, C, F, G, I
Basic readers: Document D, E

Topic:

Geographic: Documents A, B
Economic: Documents D, E
Political: Documents H, I, J, L
Social: Documents C, F, G, K
*Some documents can be placed in more than one topic.

Student Work with Resource Analysis:

    Give students time to read and analyze each document. For advanced readers with strong critical thinking skills this part of the activity can be completed independently. For on-grade and below grade readers students can be arranged in pairs or groups of three.

Day 2-3

Students Develop Interpretations:
    As a class discuss the graphic organizer/resource set questions. Allow students to edit their responses and insert additional details where needed.

    Go back and review the list of adjectives for the North and South. Discuss and edit if necessary.

    Create three "stations" in the room: "North," "South," and the "Middle Ground." Have students stand by the station that they believe best represents Maryland. Have students discuss their choice at each station. Have each station report out to the class reasons for their choice. They should refer to the information from the documents as they speak. After a few minutes, invite the students to switch stations if they have changed their mind. If a student switched, give them an opportunity to explain their decision.

Development of the Historical Essay:

    Review the historical question and the rubric for the essay. An eight point rubric has been provided.

    Give out the graphic organizer so students can independently complete their prewriting.

Write the Historical Essay:

    Give students time to independently write the essay.

Optional Writing Activity:

    Have the student write a letter to Governor Thomas Hicks recommending that Maryland either remain loyal to the Union or secede and join the Confederacy. The response should include their decision on where Maryland stands: as a Northern state, as a Southern state, or a middle ground. Students could assume the role of a wheat farmer, tobacco farmer, a wife of textile mill owner, a free African American working on the Baltimore docks, or an enslaved individual working the fields in Southern Maryland and write in the perspective of that person.

Resources

Student Resources

RS#01 Document Sample: Baltimore's Dialect: North or South, Hon?
RS#02 Document A: Colton's Map of the States of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware
RS#03 Document B: Images of Baltimore
RS#04 Document C: A Female Rebel in Baltimore - An Everyday Scene
RS#05 Document D: Images of Baltimore - Photographs and Broadside
RS#06 Document E: Fairview Inn
RS#07 Document F: Percentage Change in Slave Population in Five Southern States
RS#08 Document G: United States Urban Population: 1820
RS#09 Document H: The Issue of Slavery
RS#10 Document I: John Wilkes Booth
RS#11 Document J: Rose O'Neal Greenhow
RS#12 Document K: Excerpts from A. B. Davis Papers
RS#13 Document L: The Baltimore Riot, 1861
 

Teacher Resources

NOTE:For some Resource Sheets, an associated teacher resource is provided with additional information. These are numbered RS#XX.1.
RS#01.1 Document Sample: Teacher Resource
RS#02.1 Document A: Teacher Resource
RS#03.1 Document B: Teacher Resource
RS#04.1 Document C: Teacher Resource
RS#05.1 Document D: Teacher Resource
RS#06.1 Document E: Teacher Resource
RS#07.1 Document F: Teacher Resource
RS#08.1 Document G: Teacher Resource
RS#09.1 Document H: Teacher Resource
RS#10.1 Document I: Teacher Resource
RS#11.1 Document J: Teacher Resource
RS#12.1 Document K: Teacher Resource
RS#13.1 Document L: Teacher Resource
RS#14 Map Analysis Resource Sheet
RS#15 Written Document Analysis Resource Sheet
RS#16 Cartoon Analysis Resource Sheet
RS#17 Cartoon Analysis: Four Corners Method
RS#18 Scoring Rubric: for student essay
RS#19 Student Background Essay
RS#20 Graphic Organizer: to complete document analysis
RS#21 Resource Set Questions
RS#22 Prewriting Organizer

Primary Source Annotaions

Apple, S. (2009). Obelisk -- Booth Family Plot (Photograph). Baltimore, Maryland.

Brugger, R. J. (1990). Maryland: A Middle Temperament 1634-1980. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Colton, J. H. (1862). Colton's New Topographical map of the States of Virginia, Maryland and Deleware. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g37900.ct001187

Dilts, J. D. (1993). The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad: 1828-1853. Standford: Standford University Press.

Enoch Pratt Free Library. (c. 1827). Faireview Inn. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://epfl.mdch.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=cator&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=1

Enoch Pratt Free Library. (1834). View of Baltimore Harbor, 1834. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://epfl.mdch.org/u?/cator, 124

Female Spies in the Civil War. (n. d.). Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://womenshistory.about.com/lr/women_spies/3560/1/

Fields, B. J. (1985). Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.

George Peabody Library. (1853). Map of City and Suburbs of Baltimore. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from http://www.library.jhu.edu/bin/n/p/Simmons.jpg

Harper's Weekly. (1861, September 7). A Female Rebel in Baltimore -- An Everyday Scene. Retrieved February 21, 2010, from Maryland Historical Society: http://mdhs.org

Hicks, T. (1861, November 18). Letter from Thomas Hicks to Honorable S. Cameron. U.S. National Archives Records Administration.

History of Howard County, Maryland. (n. d.). Retrieved April 28, 2010, from http://www.howardcountymd.gov

Jacobi, L. (1858). Map and Profiles Showing the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g370931p.rr003370

Lancaster, R. K. (2000). Chattel Slavery at Hampton/Northhampton, Baltimore County. Maryland Historical Magazine, 1-13.

Library of Congress. (1850). Broadside... To Southern Travellers. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://hdl.loc.gov/loc/rbc/rbpe.03103700

Library of Congress. (n. d.). 1865 Broadside -- The Murderer. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from American Memory: http://memory.loc.gov

Library of Congress. (n. d.). Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from American Memory: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrintr.html

Library of Congress. (n. d.). The Baltimore Riot, 1861. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from http://loc.gov/pictures/item/91721234

Library of Congress. (n. d.). Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from http://www.archives.gov

Library of Congress. (n. d.). View of Baltimore City, Maryland. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from American Memory: http://www.memory/loc/gov

Maryland Historical Society. (n. d.). Allen Bowie Davis Letters, 1855-1904

Maryland State Archives. (n. d.). 1864 Maryland State Constitution. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from http://msa.md.gov/

Maryland State Archives. (n. d.). The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from Teaching American History in Maryland: Documents for the Classroom: http://teachingamericanhistorymd.net/000001/000000/000125/html/t125.html

Maryland State Archives. (1891). Baltimore Street. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://msa.md.gov

Maryland State Archives. (1875). Locus Point: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Pier. Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://msa.md.gov

Maryland State Archives. (n. d.). Vote on the 1864 Maryland State Constitution. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from http://msa.md.gov

Mitchell, C. W. (2007). Maryland Voices of the Civil War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

National Geographic Society. (2002, April). Saving the Mason-Dixon Line. Retrieved April 24, 2010, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0410_020410_TVmasondixon.html

National Museum of American History. (n. d.). American on the Move. Retrieved April 2, 2010, from http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/themes/story_47_1.html

Patapsco River. (n. d.). Retrieved January 15, 2010, from Baltimore County, Maryland Government: http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/environment/watersheds/ep_patapmin.html

Rockman, S. (2009). Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sharp, H. K. (2001). The Patapsco River Valley: Cradle of the Industrial Revolution in Maryland. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society.

Soderberg, S. C. (1996). Maryland's Civil War Monuments. The Historian.

Special Collections Library, Duke University. (1864, October 1). Rose O'Neal Greenhow. Retrieved October 24, 2009, from http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/greenhow/1864-10-01-b/1864-10-01-b.html

Statistics of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. (1841). Retrieved September 1, 2010 from http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.03001900

Taylor, A. (2001). American Colonies. New York: Viking Penguin

United States 7th Census, 1850, Population. (1853). Washington, D.C.

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (n.d.). Portrait of John Wilks Booth. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://www.archives.gov

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (1863, January 1). Emancipation Proclamation. Retrieved January 9, 2010, from http://archives.gov